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Anatman (Hinduism)
Anātman in Sanskrit means not spiritual, corporeal, unreal, something different from spirit or soul, not self, another. In Advaita Vedanta this word is used to indicate saṃsāra - existence, which is the unreal projected by ignorance on the real, that is, on Brahman who is the Absolute. In Buddhism, anātman or anattā means non-self. Nāgārjuna expounded the Mahayana Buddhist theory of non-self (anātman) or śūnyatā (emptiness) and Adi Shankara explained the concept of anātman in the light of the Upanishads; the exact time when these two philosophers lived is still debated.
==Buddhist concept of Anatman or Anatta==
Buddhists believe that there is no permanent underlying substance in human beings. They believe that anattā/anātman (non-self), impermanence and dukkha (suffering) are the three characteristics (trilakkhana) of all existence, and understanding of these three constitutes right understanding. "The ''anātman'' doctrine was in no sense an addendum, since it was fundamental to the other two doctrines; that is, because there is no real human self, there is no duration in human experience; and because there is no duration in human experience, there is no genuine happiness."
Nāgārjuna's explication of the theory of anātman as śūnyatā (emptiness) in the ''Mūlamadhyamakakārikā'' was part of his restatement of the Buddha's Four Noble Truths as well as a rejection of the philosophies of the early Buddhist schools of the Sarvastivadins and the Sautrāntika.
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